Tuesday, May 19, 2015

2015 Spanish Grand Prix

Nico Rosberg has spent most of the past year coughing from the exhaust of his teammate Lewis Hamilton's Mercedes. Even his second place finishes have left him feeling frustrated despite the points he has racked up. Rosberg needed a win, badly.

The Spanish Grand Prix seemed like his best bet in the days leading up to the race. Rosberg led in two of the three practice sessions and scored his first pole position of the season. Of course, that was no guarantee for a win, considering that Rosberg nabbed 11 poles in 19 races in 2014 and only converted three into victories. (His other two wins came when he did not have the pole.)

This time, however, Rosberg had another edge. Hamilton had been very busy in the weeks between Bahrain and Spain, constantly flying back and forth across the Atlantic, making appearances at social events such as the Mayweather-Pacquiao fight and the Met Gala. Hamilton's hectic night life may have thrown him off his game.

Rosberg capitalized immediately, shooting forward and solidifying his place in front of the pack. Hamilton got off to a slow start and was passed by Sebastian Vettel for second place. The Toro Rosso drivers, Carlos Sainz Jr. and Max Verstappen, had qualified a surprising fifth and sixth respectively, but quickly fell when passed by veteran Kimi Raikkonen in the opening seconds of the race. Just two laps later, Felipe Massa, who ran wide on the first turn of Lap 1 and had been complaining of vibrations from the front right wheel, easily got by Sainz, and would slip past Verstappen on the next lap. With Pastor Maldonado's pass on Sainz on Lap 5, Toro Rosso's phenomenal positions had dissipated.

Up front, Nico Rosberg was pulling away from the rest of the drivers, having built a six and a half second lead over Vettel after just nine laps. Vettel was also increasing the gap between him and Hamilton, who was complaining to his team that he couldn't get close enough to Vettel while still protecting his tires. Despite the fact that the Catalunya track is known for severe tire degradation, Hamilton's team called for "hammer time," which is Lewis Hamilton-speak for "give it all you've got." Even with a mistake from Vettel, running just wide on Turn 12 of the 13th lap, Hamilton still couldn't catch up, and came into the pits on the next lap. It seemed like an eternity before the Brit was back on the track, his pit taking 5.3 seconds due to error on the left rear tire. By the time he was out again, he had fallen to 7th place. Vettel meanwhile, boxed on the next lap, and his phenomenal pit time of 2.3 seconds meant he only dropped to fourth place. The field was reshuffled during the next few laps, when the other drivers came in for a new set of tires, so that by Lap 18, the order was back to Rosberg, Vettel, Hamilton.

For the next fifteen laps, Hamilton chased Vettel, always right behind, but never close enough to get by. After these intense laps, Hamilton's tires were torn up, and he had to come in for a new set. He emerged into 5th place behind Bottas and Raikkonen, but easily sped past the Ferrari and Williams, although he remained 20 seconds behind Vettel. The average pit lane time at this point in the race was about 22 seconds, but Hamilton whittled Vettel's lead to 10 seconds, making Vettel's unbelievable pit time of 2.2 seconds irrelevant. Hamilton even briefly gained first place, but Rosberg patiently waited for his opportunity. His team told him to maintain 2 second gap between the cars and preserve his tires, expecting Hamilton to have to run on a 3-stop strategy.

This tactic worked brilliantly and after Hamilton pitted Rosberg cruised to an easy and much-needed victory. Hamilton, however, held off the four-time World Champion Vettel, who felt he was unfairly blocked by lesser drivers whom he was lapping. Caught up in the traffic of cars, he screamed over his radio for blue flags but to no avail.

Meanwhile, the most dramatic battle was for fourth place where Williams driver Valteri Bottas held off the faster Ferrari of Kimi Raikkonen. Superb pit stops of 2.9 and 2.5 seconds definitely helped him maintain his lead over Raikkonen, who took a bit longer in the pits. On Lap 60 however, the increasingly desperate Raikkonen was right on Bottas' tail, but a costly mistake at Turn 16—running wide, kicking up turf, and almost losing control—meant The Ice Man could not improve upon his fifth place position. Raikkonen began complaining of an issue with grip in his front tires two laps later, and would finish behind Bottas.

The rest of the Spanish Grand Prix was relatively drama-free but there were a few quirky moments. Fernando Alonso was heartbroken when a brake problem at Lap 27 sent his McLaren-Honda skidding wide, demolishing all hopes of a points-earning finish at his home race. Worse, when Alonso came into the pit stops at the end of the lap, his brakes locked up again, and in a flurry of smoke, he drifted right through the middle of his pit crew, coming to rest about ten feet away.  His pit team raced after him, and began to push the car back towards their tools, but the brake calipers overheated and the car was soon engulfed in smoke. Unfortunately Alonso was forced to retire for the second time this season.

Lotus driver Romain Grosjean also brought some excitement to the pits. During his second pit stop of the race, Grosjean didn't stop soon enough, plowing into his front jackman, and launching him through the air. Remarkably, the crewman was still able to lift up the front of car enough so the tires could be changed. A few minutes later, he was shown clutching a ice pack to his crotch, as his fellow pit crew members laughed. While not a pleasant experience for the mechanic, this was a memorable moment in a relatively humdrum race. 

Of course, there is no such thing as a  Grand Prix where something strange doesn't happen to Pastor Maldonado. On Lap 9 of the race, the lower section of Maldonado's rear wing had collapsed inward, but Lotus decided they would not attempt to change it at his next stop, because that is a very long procedure. Seven laps later, he pitted, and while stopped one of the crew members grabbed onto the section of the wing, and with all his might, tore it off. Maybe Lotus should have taken the time to replace Maldonado's wing, because he ended up having to retire on Lap 48.

Like in Bahrain, where Daniel Ricciardo's engine blew right before the finish line, there was some last lap entertainment. In a desperate battle for 10th, and the final points available at the Spanish Grand Prix, Daniil Kvyat collided with Carlos Sainz Jr as he was trying to pass around the outside. Luckily, Kvyat was able to pull his car away quickly, preventing any serious damage. Sainz would end up in 9th, with Kvyat taking 10th position.

Of course, the main focus of the 2015 Spanish Grand Prix was Nico Rosberg's win, his first of the season. The phenomenal race propelled him 11 points ahead of Sebastian Vettel and just 20 points behind Lewis Hamilton. If he can continue winning, than 2015 should be an interesting battle between the two Mercedes and Vettel's Ferrari.

Sunday, May 3, 2015

2015 Bahrain GP

     At last year's Bahrain Grand Prix, Mercedes drivers Lewis Hamilton and Nico Rosberg duked it out for the entire 57 laps, sparking a rivalry which would continue for the rest of the 2014 season. This year, tensions were already high prior to the race because Rosberg accused Hamilton of purposefully driving slow at the Chinese Grand Prix the previous week to allow Sebastian Vettel to catch Rosberg. Harsh comments were traded between the childhood friends, with Hamilton shifting the blame back to the German, "It's not my job to look after Nico's race."
        The pre-race drama was not limited to the front runners. McLaren-Honda continued to be plagued with technical issues, with Jenson Button forced out of the race that morning due to an ERS (energy recovery system) problem. The race's start was also filled with distractions. Rookie Carlos Sainz Jr. was given a 5 second penalty for exceeding the maximum speed during the recon lap, then
William's Felipe Massa couldn't get his car started on the formation lap and had to be pushed off by his crew. (He ended up starting from the pits.) The start was delayed even longer when Pastor Maldonado of Lotus drove into the wrong grid position.
     Finally the lights flashed green and the 2015 Bahrain Grand Prix was on its way. Hamilton retained his position in front, while Vettel followed right behind. Rosberg, feeling the pressure because Hamilton already has two wins and a second place finish, tried to find a way to pass Vettel. He was so focused on Vettel, however, that he didn't account for Raikkonen, who overtook him on the outside.
      A battle between Rosberg and Raikkonen ensued, with Rosberg making a brilliant pass on the "The Ice Man," pushing him wide as they dove into Turn 1 on the fourth lap.  Rosberg then returned his attention to the other Ferrari, gaining ground when Vettel drove off track going around Turn 1. The four-time champion's mistake caught up to him when, on the next lap, Nico Rosberg got the better of him on the inside of Turn 1, with a flurry of sparks shooting up behind the two cars.
        Meanwhile, many at the back of the pack had experienced early brake lock-ups, not uncommon at the often sandy track and 17-year-old Max Verstappen hit Maldonado causing possible damage to his front wing. The more experienced Massa and Fernando Alonso both had solid starts from the back of the field and gradually climbed towards the middle.
       Pit stops began around lap 11, and Massa lost ground again falling back to 13th, while Alonso worked his way to 9th before his own slow pit stop (3.4 seconds) dropped him back to 15th.  Vettel, by contrast, got in and out in 2.4 seconds, helping him keep the leaders in sight. On lap 15, both Mercedes drivers pitted, with Rosberg emerging after a respectable 3.2, while his teammate lingered for 3.7 seconds. Hamilton still had enough of a lead to get out in front of Vettel but he had fallen behind Raikkonen. Vettel passed Rosberg while he was in the pits and, feeling the pressure, Rosberg exited the pits aggressively, almost crashing in to the Ferrari. He barely sneaked past Vettel and came up hard on Hamilton's rear, but he could not get by.
       The stage was set for an epic four way battle between these two top teams. The excitement, however, was not limited to front drivers – Nasr, Massa, and Alonso were all competing for the 10th and final spot in the points. On lap 23, with Nasr close on his heels, Felipe Massa was hit by crash-happy Pastor Maldonado. The Lotus driver, who would end up finishing 15th, had a particularly unusual race–he started in the incorrect grid spot, hit Max Verstappen early on, left the track twice on the opening lap, drove the fastest lap in the race, crashed into Massa, and had his brakes overheat and smoke during a pit stop on lap 43. Meanwhile, Massa did not recover well from the incident with Maldonado and  Nasr easily passed him two laps later. Although Massa eventually climbed his way into 8th, he was passed by Red Bull's Daniil Kvyat with two laps to go, and fell to 10th. Maldonado's reckless driving wound up hurtingboth  him and Massa, as well as Verstappen, who ended up retiring from the race along with teammate Carlos Sainz.
     Both rookie Nasr and veteran Alonso raced hard and battled with Massa but fell back to 11th and 12th respectively. Alonso's performance was encouraging after McLaren's dismal start to the season, and shows that they could potentially compete with the midfield teams. Meanwhile, Daniel Ricciardo, who had been relatively quiet, ended on an especially exciting note. Just as he was about to cross the finish line into 6th place, his engine blew, spitting black smoke, and he was barely able to coast to the checkered flag before his Red Bull rolled to a stop.
      However, the main focus of the 2015 Bahrain GP remained the intense back and forth between the Ferraris and the Silver Arrows. Raikkonen controversially switched to the harder medium tires on a speedy pit stop on lap 18, and he began to shave seconds off the gap between him and Vettel. On the 27th lap, Vettel ran wide yet again, falling further behind 2nd place Nico Rosberg and shortening his dwindling lead over his teammate. On the 34rd lap, Vettel pitted in a exemplary 2.4 seconds and Hamilton pitted in an impressive 2.6 seconds, while Rosberg came in a lap after, staying for just over 3 seconds. This reshuffled the pack, with Raikkonen in 1st, Hamilton in 2nd, Roseberg in 3rd, and Vettel in 5th behind Valtteri Bottas. The Ice Man didn't stay in front for long, with the defending world champion passing him easily on lap 40. He then had a fabulous 2.3 second pit stop on lap 41, as a result dropping only to 3rd place. Hamilton's tires, meanwhile, were being torn apart by the air flow from the last place Manors, who he was in the process of lapping. Raikkonen expertly used this traffic to his advantage, catching up to Rosberg, and cutting the gap from 5 to 3.7 seconds by the 5
1st lap.
     A few cars behind, Bottas was desperately fending off the faster Vettel. The German came close to passing the Williams multiple times, almost crashing, and eventually having to brake and take a wide path around turn 1. Vettel's earlier mistakes at this turn caused him to get stuck behind Bottas, and Bottas' brilliant defensive maneuvers earned him a 4th place finish, with Vettel coming in close behind.
     Raikkonen had managed to cut Rosberg's lead down to just over one second by just the 54th lap. Rosberg, like many others in the race, ran wide at turn 1 on the next lap, and Raikkonen easily blew by him into 2nd place. Rosberg finished the race in 3rd, and it was later revealed that he had suffered a brake problem going into that turn, which caused his car to lock up and give up his position. On the last lap, his Mercedes teammate Lewis Hamilton was afflicted with a similar brake issue, and Raikkonen began to slice away at this gap as well. Luckily for Hamilton, the race ended before the Ferrari could catch up. If Raikkonen had five more laps, he would've easily passed Hamilton for the win. The Ice Man responded to congratulations from his team in a typical Raikkonen fashion, a nonchalant "Yeah, thanks." Hamilton, on the other hand, mimed smashing a home run while standing atop his car below the podium. While Hamilton did win the race, Raikkonen should've been the one hitting the homer, his performance far outshining the other drivers.

Tuesday, April 14, 2015

Lincoln Continental Concept

      The 2015 New York Auto Show was dominated by lazy refreshes (I'm looking at you GMC and Infiniti) and sensible family car redesigns, so Lincoln grabbed the spotlight when it rocked the Javits Center with its revival of the classic Lincoln Continental nameplate. At first glance this rebirth looks fresh and luxurious, unfortunately however, the new Continental's design is a mishmash of elements stolen from other luxury vehicles.

     The biggest mistake is also the most glaring one: the signature split-wing grille has been replaced by a new oval, chrome-laden grille, which has a Kia Tiger Nose-like indent on the bottom. The chrome is set back, and this, combined with the shape, is reminiscent of the Jaguar XJ's grille. While the similarities between the grille of the Lincoln and Kia and Jaguar are disconcerting, what makes this new component more disturbing is what it is replacing. The split-wing grille has been a key part of Lincoln's design for nearly a decade since it was introduced on the MKR Concept in 2007. The elegant look that the split-wing grille gives off was part of what made a Lincoln a Lincoln. Furthermore, Lincoln just redesigned almost their entire model line, the Navigator, MKX, MKZ, and MKC, with the wing grille design (see below for examples). It seems strange that Lincoln would revamp its entire lineup and almost immediately introduce new design language.

     The headlights, while handsome and modern, are reminiscent of those on the Hyundai Genesis, in both its shape and the LED strip running down the side. The five vertically oriented headlamp units also bring to mind the recent Acura headlights, known as the "Jewel-Eye" design.

     Lincoln's copycat antics don't stop with the headlights and the grille. The full-width taillights are very beautiful and intricate, but are very similar to the taillights of the recently revealed Audi Prologue Concept.

    There are some memorable new touches. The daytime running lights are simple yet elegant, and the chrome lining the bottom of the front fascia reinforce the Continental's luxurious presence. The silver, multi-spoked wheels and the other chrome on the side of the Lincoln continue its bold look. The font of the word Continental on the trim piece on the front door is particularly striking, adding an air of sophistication to the concept.

     The Continental also has a few gimmicks, which, while unlikely to make production, are fresh and exciting. The door handles sprout from the silver trim piece beneath the windows, adding a luxurious flourish to a typically overlooked design element. The futuristic door handles are referred to as "E-latch" by the company, and are operated by simply pressing a button. Another cool feature of the concept is the lighting sequence. As one approaches the car with the key, a light behind the badge as well as the head and taillights fade on. These cool tidbits enhance the sedan's design, but seem less significant considering their lack of production viability.

     Overall, while the design is quite attractive, there are too many elements that strongly resemble parts of other cars, making it hard to truly appreciate the design of the new Continental.


Grade:
Front: B-
Rear:  B
Overall: B

Brand new MKX with split-wing grille

Refreshed Navigator with split-wing grille



Recently redesigned MKZ with split-wing grille

Sunday, March 29, 2015

Artistic Photo #1

I am going to start posting an artistic photo of a car every few weeks, just to provide a different look at the automobiles around us. Let me know what you think and if you have any artistic car photos of your own, feel free to email it to me and I'll try post them!

Land Rover Range Rover in New Orleans, Louisiana (Taken in 2014)

Sunday, March 22, 2015

Ford F-150

F-150 Platinum at The Henry Ford in Dearborn, Detroit
     When Ford pulled the wraps off the Atlas Concept at the 2013 Detroit Auto Show, all media attention was diverted in the Blue Oval's direction. The bold concept previewing the next F-150 easily outshone Chevy's new Silverado and all the other world debuts. So the next year when Ford unveiled the production F-150 in the Motor City expectations were exceedingly high. Ford delivered and more. The truck featured many of the Atlas' aggressive design cues that had generated such hype as Ford converted the outlandish styling of the massive Atlas into production-friendly design. I almost feel like I am promoting Ford but the praise is deserved: the F-150 is the best looking full-sized pick-up truck in the game.
Lariat at NYIAS
     Starting at the front, it is immediately obvious that this truck means business. The sideways U-shaped headlights look robotic, almost reminiscent of Iron Man, and the LEDs on the Platinum model add a modern touch while also being more efficient and brighter than normal headlamps. While the other model pictured, the Lariat, doesn't have LEDs, the sharp-edged headlights still appear intimidating. Both models feature huge chrome grilles: the Platinum features three thick bars with skinny rectangular cutouts within these bars; the Lariat's grille is composed of slightly more pedestrian chrome bars without the chrome filling. Nonetheless, these opulent grilles show off the F-150 as a luxury vehicle, a growing trend among full-size trucks. Each truck's lower front fascia also has a healthy dose of chrome, as well as tough, square fog lights.
      Powerful hood creases lead back to massive sideview mirrors, the Platinum, of course, is dripping with chrome. The mirrors feature the extremely useful Spotlights, which illuminate the area surrounding the truck for easy night working. The F-150's only design flaw appears along the side, where the front window dips down, the soft curve in contrast with the hard-edged styling of the rest of the pickup. Out back on the Platinum, a thick, silver bar connects LED taillights. This combined with the model name being stenciled into the bar further strengthens its dynamic image. The Lariat, a cheaper trim level, is a bit too plain, although it still retains the stylish taillights.
Lariat at NYIAS
     The Spotlights mentioned above are just one of many cool features on the F-150 that make work more convenient. There is also LED lighting in the bed and near the trailer hitch, as well as power-deployable running boards, box side steps and a tailgate step. All of these accessories make the cabin and bed easier to get to and load or unload, make sure that while the truck aspires to be a luxury vehicle it retains its place as the premier workhorse on the market. 

Grade
Box Side Steps on Platinum at The Henry Ford in Dearborn, Detroit
Front: A
Back: A-
Overall: A

Sunday, February 1, 2015

Top Ten Current Car Model Names


10. Chevrolet Sonic
This bold name fits the striking front fascia of the Sonic perfectly, and the exposed head and taillights always reminded me of a subwoofer on a speaker.

 9. Bentley Flying Spur
The Flying Spur originally was a designation for the sedan variant of the Continental, but it became a separate model in 2013. While there was a British tea ship known by this name in the late 1860s, I've found no direct link between the clipper and the über-luxury sedan. Nonetheless, this is one cool, elegant, and slightly mysterious name for the Conti sedan.

8. Chevrolet Volt
Although not quite as glamorous as the Flying Spur, the "Volt" name works because of just how appropriate it is. A volt is a unit of measure relating to electricity and movement of current in an electric circuit, which fits perfectly for the plug-in hybrid electric Chevy. It sure is a lot better sounding than it competitor, the Nissan Leaf.

7. Porsche Panamera
While this name is derived from the endurance race "Carrera Panamericana," which took place four times in the 1950's in Mexico, that was not why I included it on this list. Phonetically, I think it rolls off the tongue perfectly and also looks very nice when written, most likely because of the semi-symmetrical nature of the "a-n-a-m" section.

6. Dodge Durango
This tough SUV has a very appropriate name in the "Durango." Called this for the city in Colorado, it has a particularly rural, cowboy, Wild West feel to it, and when said aloud the "a-n-g" produces a Western twang.

5. Maserati Quattroporte
Though I wasn't a fan of the fifth generation Quattroporte, I have always loved the stylish-sounding name. In Italian, "Quattroporte" simply means "four-door," describing the Maser's sedan body style. But to non-Italian speakers, it sounds exotic, and quite luxurious.

 4. Dodge/SRT Viper
Just look at the slinky Dodge sports car, and try not to think of a vicious, venomous snake. This is one of the most aptly named cars of all time, especially considering the fifth generation's sleeker curves and even more aggressive front fascia.

3. Jeep Renegade
When the ambitiously styled Renegade Concept debuted in 2008 and was immediately designated as a design study, I was disappointed that I wouldn't ever see a Jeep Renegade production model. Lucky for me, the name revived for a funky subcompact crossover in the 2015 model year. The rebellious nature of this name fits in with the "all-American" Detroit advertising scheme which Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep and Ram have been using of late, and matches Jeep's slew of other outdoorsy, patriotic names, including the Cherokee, Commander, Wrangler, and Patriot.

2. Aston Martin Vanquish


One of the greatest recent designs from Aston was paired with paired with one of my favorite names of all time. The powerful grand tourer features many strong, backward sweeping character lines, which is accurately mirrored in the swooshing sound that is produced by the "i-s-h." Also, while the word sounds elegant, its means "to defeat thoroughly," showing the Aston's performance aspirations.

1. Ford Mustang
While the term "mustang" refers to a small, wild horse, the legendary sports car was actually named for the P-51 Mustang, a fighter plane produced by North American for WWII (Though the horse was chosen for the logo). But the key similarity between the beast and the machine is their small structure and fast, aggressive nature. This is exemplified is the car's iconic trapezoidal grille, angled headlights, and bulging rear haunches. Overall, the qualities of speed and size seen in the Mustang's inspirations make the name a perfect fit for the classic pony car.


Honorable Mention- Tesla Model S, III, X
While it is quite juvenile, I, as a 16 year-old boy, appreciate Elon Musk's current plans to eventually have a model lineup consisting of the Model S, III, and X for the not-that-subtle sexual innuendo.

Friday, January 2, 2015

Chevrolet Corvette: Through The Years: Part 2

     1963 brought a brand new Corvette, dubbed the "Corvette Sting Ray," and with it a striking silhouette that has influenced every 'Vette since. The Chevy now featured a long hood and a hatchback-like rear with an almost nonexistent rear deck, and for the first time was offered in coupe form. This layout, as well as many visual cues, give the Sting Ray its iconic, streamlined, sporty appearance.
     Up front, hidden headlights and a low-set grille, along with the powerful, raised bodywork over the front wheels lend the car a sleek, high-performance look. Rectangular intakes on the hood and horizontal vents just behind the front wheels add to this hardcore sports car image. The crease at the beltline of the C2 makes it seem as if the car is slicing through the air in front of it, and creates an interesting contrast in light between the upper and lower halves of the car. While this is a great touch, it almost hides the intricate grille from view. The hook-shaped chrome bumpers give a sturdy look, and are set on a thin rectangular grille, with luxurious skinny horizontal bars. These are sandwiched by aerodynamic orange turning lamps. And despite all of this beautiful detailing, my favorite part of the front of the '63 is the raised streak running down the center of the hood into the windshield. For me, it completes the smooth, streamlined look, fitting in perfectly with the flared wheels arches and hidden headlamps. It also accentuates the iconic Corvette flags logo.
     Moving around back, the Sting Ray retains the sleek appearance of the front. Athletic rear haunches give a powerful look to the 'Vette, and they are complemented by the faux vents just behind the side windows. The double circular taillights and reappearing hook shaped chrome bumper pieces add elegance to the sports car. My favorite element from the front, the raised line on the hood, is continued on the back, through a strip running down the roof, and in between the famous split-window. The trim piece bisects the 'Vette logo, and ends at the bottom of the gorgeous V-shaped rear of the cabin. Overall, the '63 Corvette is absolutely beautiful, and Chevy obviously knew this, as the exterior changes over the next four years of production were minimal.
     In 1964, the split-window was famously replaced with a single piece rear window, and while I love the appearance of the split, this change does have a hugely detrimental effect on the elegant look. Also, up front the faux vents on the hood were removed, though indentations where they had been remained. This cleaned-up the hood, but again, this touch doesn't have a huge effect on the overall car.
     The next year, the indentations on the hood were also removed, and the vents behind the front wheels were changed. Instead of the previous horizontal arrangement, there were three vertical "gills," which fit in perfectly with the Sting Ray name. For 1966, the grille's horizontal's slats were replaced by horizontal and vertical lines crossing at right angles. Also, the small intakes behind the windows were removed. For its final production year, the three "gills" were replaced by five, and a reverse light was added above the license plate spot.
    For the second generation Corvette, Chevy wisely stuck to the old saying, "If it ain't broke, don't fix it." This is one of the most beautiful cars of all time, and really symbolizes the beginning of the Corvette as we know it today.

Grade
Front: '63: A
'64: A
'65: A
'66: A
'67: A
Back: '63: A
'64: A-
'65: A-
'66: A-
'67: A-
Overall: '63: A
'64: A
'65: A
'66: A
'67: A